Artisanal mining in Kharakena, Senegal

Kharakena is a tiny village in south-eastern Senegal just a few kilometres from the Mali border. When villagers discovered gold in 2008, the town changed from a small agricultural community to an overpopulated cluster of trucks, motorbikes and mercury. When a village discovers gold in the Birimian rocks of West Africa, it undergoes a rapid transformation. Numbers often swell as men, women and boys flock to the region from neighbouring countries like Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso and Ghana, and as far afield as Nigeria. The multinational companies come too, often causing conflict with local land holders.

In a country where hundreds of thousands are at risk of going hungry due to a lack of grass to feed their cattle, the lure of earning hundreds of dollars a day hacking at the earth is too great for many to ignore. For those living in poverty; stopping to consider the damage to their health, the risk to their lives and the irrevocable destruction of their land is a luxury they cannot afford.

At first glance the Kharakena mines look like a refugee camp. Tarp-covered shacks dot the hills while dead trees and craters punctuate the disfigured landscape. While the wooden shacks look like they could be housing displaced victims of war, they’re actually providing shelter for groups of men huddled around small, deep holes. And the scorched earth they occupy has not been bombed, it’s been mined.

While Senegal contains several large, heavily regulated mining sites, complete with sophisticated machinery, guards and workplace health and safety laws, artisanal mines are where people risk their lives in unimaginable conditions in order to feed their families. In the summer months of south-eastern Senegal, the temperature regularly exceeds 40 degrees. Meanwhile, the unrelenting tropical rains soften the soil, increasing the risk of everything from slipping down a hole to a landslide.

The men huddled around each hole are supporting a young man who risks his life up to 30 metres underground to dig for the gold hidden within. He’ll remain underground for up to an hour, funnelling bags of dirt up to his fellow workers who use mercury to discover if today is their lucky day. The mercury, while toxic and dangerous, is the cheapest way they can inspect the soil. They do this for up to 10 hours a day, without any safety equipment (or shoes). They earn no fixed wage or salary; if they don’t find gold they don’t get paid. If they should happen to suffer a workplace injury, there’s no WorkCover or insurance. Workers being exposed to gaseous mercury as it burns off is just one of many health hazards in the job description. Mercury poisoning can cause tremors, muscle weakness, vision and hearing impairments, and loss of coordination and balance. It’s a hazard for the surrounding environment too, mercury being spilled into nearby soils and waters pollutes the community’s air, water and soil.

When workers have exhausted a patch of earth, they move their tools to the next area, often just metres away. The 30 metre hole from their previous excavation is abandoned, resulting in hectares of natural landscape being hollowed out with deep, empty holes. As each day draws to a close, thousands of workers leave the mines transporting the soil in rice sacks to their shantytown homes a few kilometres away. Every single worker is drenched, either from sweat or rain; or both.